Maqāṣid al-Syarī‘ah: Pengertian, Sejarah, Jenis-jenis, dan Urgensinya dalam Istinbāṭ Hukum
Keywords:
maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah, legal derivation, maṣlaḥah, al-ḍarūriyyāt, ijtihadAbstract
This article comprehensively examines the concept of maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah, covering its definition, historical development, classification, and its urgency in the process of Islamic legal derivation (istinbāṭ al-fiqhī). This study employs a qualitative approach using library research and descriptive-analytical methods on primary and secondary sources in the field of Islamic legal theory (uṣūl al-fiqh). The findings indicate that maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah represents the purposes and wisdom intended by Allah in every legal ruling to realize human welfare (maṣlaḥah) and repel harm. Historically, the concept evolved from the companions’ ijtihad practices, through the theoretical elaboration of al-Juwaynī and al-Ghazālī, culminating in al-Shāṭibī’s systematic framework, and further developed by Ibn ‘Āshūr and Jasser Auda in contemporary scholarship. Its classification encompasses three levels: al-ḍarūriyyāt (essential), al-ḥājiyyāt (complementary), and al-taḥsīniyyāt (embellishments). In legal derivation, maqāṣid functions as a guide for understanding texts, the basis for qiyās and ijtihad, a control mechanism for maṣlaḥah mursalah, a tool for resolving conflicting evidence, and a guide for contemporary legal reasoning.
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